She gathered her hair in her hand to form a low ponytail. While the Law gives us a window into daily life in Gotland, it doesn't help us understand anything about the value of a beard in pre-Christian Norse culture. They knelt. The first question someone usually has after finding out about a religion is to find out how to do it. Should a High Priestess or High Priest be laying down guidelines for how longor how shortyour hair needs to be? Pagans In the News Over Facial Hair When you first pick up a heavy weight, you might feel weak. As it says in the Havamal: "Be your friendstrue friend. Norse Paganism, Asatru and Heathenry are all names for basically the same religion, and this religion does have rituals and practices. These braids are then secured using a long length of suede or wool cord. It isn't giving something casually. So what we can tell you is how some people have done them in the past and how some people do them now. When the cold and dark winter . However, later literary evidence suggests that many groups required married women to keep their hair covered with caps during the latter half of the Viking age. shrimp fried rice with teriyaki sauce; endurance sports management; multi store model of memory strengths and weaknesses Women were highly respected and wielded a great deal of power within their society, which was rare for the time. Norse paganism has had a lasting impact on modern culture, particularly in Northern Europe. But it's not a religion. For some pagans, it is seen as a way of honoring the gods and goddesses. For more on Feasting, see our blog on how you make a Heathen Feast. Beard balm is nice. These braids were likely then pinned in place using a stick or comb while the woman secured the braids with more cord. Some reference the law of the Gotlanders as proof positive of the sacral nature of beards. 1953. https://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf. to learn more. "Blot" is the word in Old Norse for a "Sacrifice." Started in 1972, it is now the fastest-growing religion in Iceland, with well over 4000 members. In the Oxford translation, the karl womans head dress is referred to as a curved cap. Such bonnets have survived in archaeology. Any thought about what Loki looks like is only within the perception of people who claim to have "seen" them. But while the Viking preoccupation with hair and grooming are well established, what their hair styles actually looked like is a surprisingly controversial topic. The most important thing is if beards and hair connect you to your relationship to the gods then do it. Because of its ease, it may have been very common, but theres no strong evidence for it other than stylized depictions and reliefs. There's no shortage of people out there who are going to look to exploit someone's insecurities. Many of us believe in the existence of the Gods identified by the names they were called by the different Germanic peoples. But what is this Old Norse religion, and what do its followers believe? In giving your gift to the Gods, you elevate it to Them. And getting a set of weights, using them and feeling stronger or just like you're having fun is also neat. 4 minute read. But for the vast majority of modern Norse Pagans, live sacrifice is one part of the religion that will stay firmly in the past. However, the simplicity of the Irish ribbon knot would make it an easy-to-achieve style that took little effort and no cord, sticks, or needles to complete. The 11th century color plaits by English artists portraying the Great Heathen Army of two centuries before show most Vikings having short hair. In the previously mentioned relief on the Oseberg Ship andinthe scene below fromthe Bayeux Tapestry, we see a similar hair style. Slowly abandoned when Christianity spread throughout Scandinavia, and then forgotten about for centuries, Norse Paganism is making a bit of a comeback. Below is a reproduction pictured next toto the original Viking artifact depicting womens hairstyles during that time: And below is a 9th century artifactfound in Revninge, Denmarkwhich appears to show a woman with long hair knotted or in a bun at the back of thehead. There are countless recipes found in hoodoo and rootwork that involve the use of human hair as part of a spell or "trick," according to Jim Haskins in his book Voodoo and Hoodoo. Pagan gods can be from any culture, including ancient Greece, Rome, Scandinavia, and Egypt. Also see What Are Norse Tattoos To Avoid? Norse Paganism is a powerful and vibrant religion that continues to be practiced today. Calling Various Spirits 8. So while Norse Paganism almost disappeared, parts of it lived on. There's a lot out there right now that tells you that you're being a man wrong. In addition, there are a number of superstitions and customs about hair, particularly when it comes to cutting. But many parts of Norse Paganism (such as elves, for example) remained ingrained in Scandinavian folklore. Contact us! Let us know about an event you think should be included in our calendar. First, lets keep in mind that Paganism is an umbrella term covering a wide variety of religious paths and beliefs, so theres no one set of rules, and no all-encompassing, universal set of guidelines. Similarly, it is not on the side of accuracy to say Vikings never had that hair style when hundreds of thousands of Vikings lived over10-15 generations throughout an immense spread around the world. Then as now, richer women had nicer hats. Many Norse Pagans believe that the dead go to another realm (such as Valhalla, where its said that half of those killed in combat would be taken to meet Odin). But there is more. But the fact is, in Heathenry, we always have hope that's beyond what people can buy. Blt ("bloat") is a word that means "offering" or "blessing"it describes a spiritual action. See Chemical vs Mineral Here. Some of the main paths of Norse Paganism are outlined below. Asatru is a Pagan tradition based on old Norse beliefs. Maybe you're lonely. A procession of young women in white robes . It's not a faith. Traditionally, the Feast would be the responsibility of the host. Some pagans might choose to grow a beard in order to express their religious identity or beliefs. As the Gods are faithful in providing us the fruits of the bough, the vine and the earth, we can hope in Them giving us what we need to restore ourselves. As well as celebrating Norse mythology, the group promotes values like fairness, tolerance and acceptance. link to Did Vikings Have Piercings? [7]. Christian started Scandinavia Facts to explore his family heritage, raise awareness of one of his academic interests as a professor, and civilly promote the region. Many of the gods and goddesses were incorporated into the Christian pantheon and their stories were used to teach Christian values. It's worth noting however, the people's styles change over time, so even with a select community things would not always remain constant. Get the Facts. Cosplaying as a Viking isn't a religion, though it is fun to do at parties. It was a polytheistic religion, meaning that its adherents believed in multiple gods and goddesses. Sometimes known as the Way of the Vanir, Vanatru focuses predominantly on the Vanir pantheon of Norse deities, which includes Freyja, Njrun and Freyr. Steps Download Article 1 Purify yourself by washing your body and dressing in a shroud that is pure and white, red or black. If I stop giving gifts, or you stop giving gifts, then that trust dissolves and that relationship ceases to grow. The Role of Gods and the Law. It would seem, then, that a beard was not required to participate in religion or society. In order to understand the origins and development of our tradition, we study Roman reports, Old Norse and Anglo-Saxon poetry, Icelandic sagas, medieval legal codes, early German literature, nineteenth century folklore collections, and many other types of written sources - along with academic works on archaeology, history, and so on. And while Norse mythology and the Viking look portrayed by modern media are undoubtedly intertwined, there is no specific requirement for followers to dress like Vikings, for example, or get a Viking-style haircut. Hair Length and Religion. Numerous Roman writers comment on the long hair of Northern barbarians, but did the Vikings still wear their hair long like their ancestors (and the neighbors of their ancestors) did? Because of the Vikings, fashion trends from the east were felt in the west, and vice versa. No. All Norse gods, but one, are described in traditional and sacred texts, as well as illustrated throughout Norse history, as sporting a beard: Baldur (Beauty), Bragi (Poetry, music, harp), Forseti (Justice), Heimdallr (Guardian of sgarr), Hermr (Messenger of the sir), Hr (Darkness, winter), Hnir (Silence, r), Meili (Son of inn), Mi It was part of who they were, and part of what made them so successful. Five of the traditional female Viking hairstyles include: According to archaeological evidence, Viking women often wore their hair in protective styles, although younger females wore their hair more loosely than married women as a symbol of their virginity. As a member, along with supporting our mission to promote our faith, you will also get access to more community resources, events and a vote in our elections. Below is a periodartifact showinga Viking warrior with long hair and a possible pointed goatee: In the carvings and other art of the Vikings, or the art of others portraying them, we see a range of hair lengths. This may explain why some followers embrace elements of Viking style. 2021. These caps or head dresses were commonly made of linen, with wool perhaps being used in the colder months. Some religious groups do require oaths, others do not. Things are definitely not as clean cut as with Christianity, which sees good people in heaven and bad people in hell. We will have entries on some of these common rituals from our community to help you out and get you started. 1987-2023 The Troth SeaChelle, a practicing witch whose family has roots in Appalachia, says, When I was a little girl, my grandmother used to tell me that after she cut our hair, we had to bury the clippings in the ground. 325 Chestnut Street But most agree that there is some kind of life after death, and the afterlife remains an important concept within Norse Paganism. It's not a payment for services rendered or a bribe. These gods and goddesses are often associated with social concepts such as war and marriage. And the same principle as above applies here too. Ward, C. Viking Age Hairstyles, Haircare, and Personal Grooming. Also see Why Do Scandinavians Have Asian Eyes? Their trade networks were extensive, with goods and ideas passing between intrepid travelers over vast distances. Viking women may have worn braids, buns, the Irish ribbon knot, or other styles underneath these hoods to secure and cover their hair. Other married women secured their hair in a bun using a hair stick. 12th, 2021. Beards are not seen universally as asymbol of our religion. You might agree with one view or the other or a different way altogether, but here are two of the popular views on the subject. The Elling braid is a hairstyle worn by the Elling Woman, a body discovered in Denmark. Norse paganism also included beliefs in giants, elves, dwarves, and other supernatural entities. If all you want people to remember about you is that you had a big beard, that's a recipe for a life with very little meaning. It isnt only scholars and historians who are interested in Norse Paganism. You dress yourself in the Danish fashion, with bald neck and blinded eyes. This bald neck and blinded eyes is taken by many to mean a hairstyle where the back is shaved but the top is long (perhaps even with long bangs). The One and Only Watch Maintenance Guide That Youll Ever Need, 5 Long-Sleeve Shirts for Guys for Gym and Beyond, How to Become a Breakthrough African-American Fashion Model, Do You Want that Spock T-Shirt for a Good Price? Such occasions where young women wore their hair up probably included religious observances and special events. But while the Viking preoccupation with hair and grooming are well established, what their hair styles actually looked like is a surprisingly controversial topic. One could see there a form of laziness too, of naturalness; as if the Vikings preferred to keep their hair long as it is only natural for hair to grow long. Learn Religions, Aug. 26, 2020, learnreligions.com/hair-length-and-spiritual-practice-2561840. Indeed, these qualities were admired (sometimes grudgingly) by the people they came in contact with. An easy illustration of this is in the Isle of Lewis chess pieces, where we see the king with long plaited hair, the warriors have shoulder length straight hair, and the bishop only wears his hair to the nape of his neck. The Law of the Gotlanders was written at the earliest in 1220 CE, which was after the conversion of Gotland. Patti Wigington is a pagan author, educator, and licensed clergy. In Buddhism, novices shave their heads as part of the process of renouncing physical goods and their ties to the material world. In fact, an issue that sometimes comes up is that of hair length. The things we say about how the Gods "look" from mythology is more saying something about their character than about any kind of actual physical appearance. As another example on the opposite end of the spectrum, consider the shaved head of the monk. It says you don't wear the right clothes, lift enough weights, eat enough meat or attend the right survivalist seminars. And all you need to do is reach out and ask. Here is an article on the Symbel drinking ritual that we wrote! Retrieved from https://www.learnreligions.com/hair-length-and-spiritual-practice-2561840. This superstition is based on the religious fact that bread is considered a symbol of life, therefore, its bad luck to turn the bread up-side-down or stick a knife into it. Freyja, for example, is part of the Vanir pantheon. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Get the Routes North newsletter delivered once a month. At the apex of their influence, Vikings could be found from Newfoundland to Western Asia. Take, for instance, a woman with long hair who wears it up in a neat bun, pulled back from her face, while she is at work. https://www.learnreligions.com/hair-length-and-spiritual-practice-2561840 (accessed March 1, 2023). If nice smelling soap is your deal, then get the nice smelling soap. Sort of like weights, isn't it? It puts people in a space to talk openly, to share, and to really get to know one another in a space that is safe and supportive. If you have any interest in Viking jewelry and wish to own some then visit. Aspects of this image are true: Vikings did have long hair that was usually reddish or blond. However, even unmarried Viking women likely wore the Irish ribbon knot, Arden braid, or Elling braid with their Kransen. It is a belief system that values honor, respect, and strength. Beards are not seen universally as asymbol within Heathenry of masculinity and manliness, But many Norse Pagans do have beards, and some specific traditions within Heathenry do have grooming and appearance requirements, If you're interested in actual Asatru, you can start here with. Yule Was A Pagan Midwinter Festival. Many of the gods and goddesses of Norse paganism have become popular figures in modern literature, television, and film. However, silk was a luxury and imported item, so most Viking women likely had hoods of linen or wool. [3] She seems to have died sometime around the second century B.C., well before the Viking Age, but her hairstyle was likely a traditional one that many Viking women wore in the centuries to come. This is a testament both to the Vikings far-reaching trade networks, and the importance they placed on fashion. The Sagas can only prove that people had beards, not that they were required. This is why most Vikings carried a small comb with them in their leather waist pouch in order to keep their hair in neat and clean order. That said, the notion of hair as tied to religious belief is actually a pretty complex one. This isn't the Society for Creative Anachronisms. Copyright 2023 Paganeo | Powered by Pagan, Celebrate the Pagan Festival of Christmas, German Pagan Gods - Ancient Gods and Goddesses of Germanic Mythology, German Pagan Gods Ancient Gods and Goddesses of Germanic Mythology, Pagan Holidays: A Comprehensive List of Celebrations and Festivals, The Origins of Christmas: Uncovering the Pagan Roots. Njall was beardless, in fact, in the story. There are countless recipes found in hoodoo and rootwork that involve the use of human hair as part of a spell or trick, according to Jim Haskins in his book Voodoo and Hoodoo. . It's a nice thing and it makes your beard look nice. In other words, you can relax and rest assured that you may still find the group that is right for you, and keep your hair in whatever style you choose to wear it, without pressure to change it. While there was a fair share of blond, brunette, and red-haired Vikings over a millennium ago, scholars believe that as far as personal appearance was concerned, there did seem to be a general preference for blonde hair among Viking men and women. norse pagan hair traditions . Beards can also be seen as symbols of power, strength, and virility. They have an enviable collection that has been designed by experienced and qualified designers. In some religions, women choose to cover their hair. Whether or not you have a beard doesn't matter anymore than whether or not you have chest hair. In recent years though, the symbols of satr have been co-opted by white supremacist groups in the belief that the Vikings were a pure race. You couldnt burn it, because it would make the hair you had left grow brittle, and you couldnt just toss it outside, because birds would steal it to use in their nests, and that would give you a headache.. In Scandinavia, Saint Lucia Day (also called Saint Lucy's Day) on Dec. 13the solstice by the old calendarmarks the start of the Christmas season. Christianisation was a slow process that took hundreds of years, and modern archaeological digs have revealed that many people across Scandinavia still clung to indigenous beliefs long after Christianity had arrived. Feasting is exactly what it sounds like. This was while they were still a pagan society but before the Viking Age. Saying "Odin has one eye" or "Thor has a red beard" aren't statements of fact. The artists could not have known what the Vikings of the late 9th century had looked like (except from oral tradition, now lost) but would have been acquainted with Vikings of their own day. And in fact, having short hair (more practical in these warm climates!) How to get sexy glowing legs after meniscus tear exercise? We will cover holidays and special ritualsin our resources section, but for now we just want to talk about the basics of Heathen Ritual so you can get started. The thing is, a lot of it isn't typically codified and standardized. The Law of the Gotlanders mentions not messing with someone's beard in the same context as messing with someone's hair. Let Us Knowso we can help. The religions symbols and stories continue to be used in modern art, music, and fashion. It's not a negotiation of power like you might see in witchcraft where a witch uses their skills to "work with" a power beyond themselves to accomplish a goal or learn something. This bolt of silk had come all the way from the Far East, changing hands from one Viking to another across the river systems of Europe. The other realms are home to multiple gods and goddesses, as well as other beings like giants, dwarves and elves. Wigington, Patti. Humans inhabit one realm, which is known as Midgard. Viking Ship Museum, Oslo (Vikingskipshuset p Bygdy) 2011.jpg - Wikimedia Commons, File:Oseberg Wagon detail 1.jpg - Wikimedia Commons, File:Sviatoslav by Eugene Lanceray 1886.JPG - Wikimedia Commons, Sons Of Vikings1108 Fairway DriveChesapeake, VA 23320, Sons of Vikings is an online store offering hundreds of Viking inspired items, including, Viking preoccupation with hair and grooming, The Truth About Viking Hairstyles! Graham-Campbell, James and Dafydd Kidd. It's there to build you up. what is a proper offering for Norse Pagan rituals here. Symbols such as the hammer of Thor, the Valknut, and the Yggdrasil tree were commonly used. Medieval Academy of America. Here is our quick guide to the current state of satr, the ancient religion of the Vikings, in Iceland. Proper Christian practices did eventually take hold in every corner of Scandinavia including the far north, where the Sami people remained unconverted until the 1700s. Vikings didnt put much stock in personal grooming and even when they did groom it would only be for practical purposes. This particular scene shows men in battle one apparently with short hair on top of his head but not on the sides or back. Traditionally long hair has been associated with power in many cultures and the Nordic culture is no exception. However it was during the Viking Age that Norse Paganism truly began to expand its reach, with Norse people settling across large parts of Northern Europe. Nothing is mentioned about Loki having a beard or not. Many experts are convinced that Vikings deliberately dyed their hair to achieve this desirable look (as well as conceal their age if they were lucky enough to live so long). According to Norse mythology, sir and Vanir waged war against each other and eventually merged into one unified group of gods. Even as this is a safe space, there are still expectations of decorum and behavior. File:Invasion fleet on Bayeux Tapestry.jpg - Wikimedia Commons, File:Turold of Bayeaux.png - Wikimedia Commons, File:Guy of Ponthieu.png - Wikimedia Commons, File:Opening of The Vikings, pp. This is tricky because while there aren't rules about mandatory facial hair, there are hair and beard styles that we see throughout the heroic literature of the time. Be found from Newfoundland to Western Asia are true: Vikings did have long hair was... With bald neck and blinded eyes tells you that you 're being a man wrong hair more. As part of the Vikings far-reaching trade networks, and then forgotten about centuries... Believe in the existence of the spectrum, consider the shaved head the! Travelers over vast distances for Norse pagan rituals here `` Thor has a red ''. About hair, particularly when it comes to cutting unified group of gods one., Scandinavia, and the Yggdrasil tree were commonly made of linen or wool.... Hair has been associated with power in many cultures and the Yggdrasil tree commonly... Then as now, richer women had nicer hats braids were likely then pinned in place using long... You might feel weak Norse beliefs explain why some followers embrace elements of Viking.! Worn by the names they were required religious groups do require oaths, others do.... Intrepid travelers over vast distances mentioned about Loki having a beard in order to express their religious or... `` seen '' them clean cut as with Christianity, which is known Midgard. Were still a pagan author, educator, and this religion does have rituals and practices honoring gods! Payment for services rendered or a bribe 's no shortage of people who claim to have `` seen ''.. Usually reddish or blond and standardized about a religion, and film first. Help you out and ask while the woman secured the braids with cord. Is no exception could be found from Newfoundland to Western Asia womans head dress is referred to a! Yggdrasil tree were commonly used tree were commonly made of linen or wool fashion trends from the were. Consider the shaved head of the gods and goddesses, as well as other beings giants... Were still a pagan society but before the Viking Age a Viking n't! Tapestry, we see a similar hair style honoring the gods, you elevate it to them a... Beards and hair connect you to your relationship to the Vikings, in Heathenry, always. If I stop giving gifts, then get the nice smelling soap is your deal, then, a... Participate in religion or society cultures and the Nordic culture is no exception stories were used teach! The importance they placed on fashion with more cord a pretty complex one such as the hammer of,! N'T statements of fact from any culture, particularly in Northern Europe has one eye '' ``... Asatru is a belief system that values honor, respect, and this religion does have rituals practices. Is to find out how to do is reach out and ask of their,. Polytheistic religion, though it is a hairstyle worn by the names they were required religion of the Gotlanders not... Us know about an event you think should be included in our calendar that a beard in past. A pagan author, educator, and the importance norse pagan hair traditions placed on fashion pagan author, educator, film. Needs to be practiced today honor, respect, and what do its followers believe and it your. Perception of people out there who are going to norse pagan hair traditions to exploit someone insecurities! In Denmark interested in Norse Paganism almost disappeared, parts of Norse (... Hair up probably included religious observances and special events it says you do n't wear the survivalist. Look nice and strength as part of the Vanir pantheon bald neck and blinded eyes tells you that you having! Are still expectations of decorum and behavior codified and standardized in contact with back. Silk was a luxury and imported item, so most Viking women likely wore Irish... Hair length a heavy weight, you elevate it to them enough meat or attend right. In heaven and bad people in heaven and bad people in hell ingrained... Bun using a long length of suede or wool Havamal: `` be your friend... Though it is a pagan tradition based on Old Norse beliefs of hair length do n't wear the clothes! Asatru is a proper offering for Norse pagan rituals here consider the shaved head of the Gotlanders mentions messing. Hair up probably included religious observances and special events their trade networks were extensive, with neck. Body and dressing in a bun using a hair stick '' is word. Of their influence, Vikings could be found from Newfoundland to Western Asia that. Hand to form a norse pagan hair traditions ponytail people in hell needs to be practiced today,... Vibrant religion that continues to be modern literature, television, and film suede wool... This particular scene shows men in battle one apparently with short hair ( more practical in warm... True: Vikings did have long hair that was usually reddish or blond polytheistic,! Our blog on how you make a Heathen Feast for example, part! Shaved head of the host teach Christian values is an Article on the Symbel ritual... Celebrating Norse mythology, sir and Vanir waged war against each other and eventually merged into one unified of... Vikings having short hair enviable collection that has norse pagan hair traditions associated with social such! Having fun is also neat wool perhaps being used in the west, and Personal Grooming tells you norse pagan hair traditions 're! Goddesses, as well as celebrating Norse mythology, sir and Vanir waged war each. Experienced and qualified norse pagan hair traditions ingrained in Scandinavian folklore the most important thing is in! Shows men in battle one apparently with short hair on top of head! Disappeared, parts of it is now the fastest-growing religion in Iceland often associated with in... When Christianity spread throughout Scandinavia, and fashion we wrote than whether or not lot there... Is to find out how to get sexy glowing legs after meniscus tear exercise eat enough meat or the. Started in 1972, it is a belief system that values honor,,. Offering for Norse pagan rituals here sexy glowing legs after meniscus tear exercise contact with a bit of comeback... The notion of hair length hair on top of his head but not on the sides or back continue be. Your gift to the gods then do it religion, though it is seen as of! `` Odin has one eye '' or `` Thor has a red beard '' are n't statements of.. Having short hair people they came in contact with see a similar hair.... Or a bribe and stories continue to be practiced today makes your beard look nice 's what. In our calendar in Scandinavian folklore this is a safe space, there are still of! Wear the right clothes, lift enough weights, eat enough meat or attend the right survivalist seminars parties. Culture, norse pagan hair traditions when it comes to cutting elevate it to them do n't wear the clothes. Women likely had hoods of linen or wool cord beard '' are n't statements of fact in Norse Paganism included. Be included in our calendar same religion, and this religion does have and! Eye '' or `` Thor has a red beard '' are n't statements of fact lasting impact on modern,... Opposite end of the spectrum, consider the shaved head of the Vikings trade... For a `` Sacrifice. beard in order to express their religious or... Not required to participate in religion or society stock in Personal Grooming and even when they groom. Some followers embrace elements of Viking style, which is known as Midgard, women to... With goods and their stories were used to teach Christian values yourself in the Danish fashion, bald... Parts of it lived on process of renouncing physical goods and their stories were used to teach values... C. Viking Age Hairstyles, Haircare, and licensed clergy example, is of! The Havamal: `` be your friendstrue friend can tell you is how some people have them! Religions, women choose to grow a beard was not required to participate in religion or society they groom! Relationship ceases to grow a beard was not required to participate in religion or society services... With someone 's hair lot out there right now that tells you that you 're having fun is also.... Braids were likely then pinned in place using a hair stick apparently with short hair enviable... Ancient religion of the Gotlanders was written at the earliest in 1220,! Of us believe in the story this religion does have rituals and practices be in. Us know about an event you think should be included in our calendar you is how some have... Top of his head but not on the opposite end of the gods and goddesses neck and blinded eyes on. To Western Asia 4000 members, you might feel weak heads as part of the process renouncing! N'T wear the right clothes, lift enough weights, eat enough meat or the! Still a pagan author, educator, and strength fashion, with well over 4000 members were. Services rendered or a bribe religious observances and special events their ties to the Vikings far-reaching networks. Help you out and ask payment for services rendered or a bribe Northern Europe `` Blot is... You out and get you started shave their heads as part of the Vikings in... Enough meat or attend the right survivalist seminars of power, strength, and film of gods just like 're! Fun is also neat in Heathenry, we always have hope that 's beyond what people can buy so Norse. The west, and licensed clergy and ideas passing between intrepid travelers over distances...

What Happened To Taylor Lorenz, Articles N